植物學(xué)
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植物學(xué)是一門研究植物形態(tài)解剖、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、生理生態(tài)、系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化、分類以及與人類的關(guān)系的綜合性科學(xué)，是生物學(xué)的分支學(xué)科。
目錄 |
歷史
人類對(duì)植物的認(rèn)識(shí)最早可以追溯到舊石器時(shí)代，人類在尋找食物的過(guò)程中采集了植物的種子、莖、根和果實(shí)。植物學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人是提奧夫拉斯圖（Theophrastus），在他的著作《植物歷史》（也稱《植物調(diào)查》）中將植物進(jìn)行了分類。 1世紀(jì)希臘醫(yī)生迪奧斯克里德斯（Dioscorides）的著作《藥物論》（De Materia Medica）為以后藥用植物的使用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。1593年中國(guó)明朝的李時(shí)珍也完成了《本草綱目》的編寫(xiě)。17世紀(jì)末英國(guó)生物學(xué)家雷確立了現(xiàn)代植物分類的基本原理。17世紀(jì)，出現(xiàn)了各式各樣的顯微鏡，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了植物解剖學(xué)的研究，隨后植物生理學(xué)和植物胚胎學(xué)也得到進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，到19世紀(jì)中期植物學(xué)各分支學(xué)科已基本形成。
中國(guó)近代植物植物分類學(xué)的奠基人是胡先骕，編寫(xiě)了中國(guó)第一部中文《高等植物學(xué)》，發(fā)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)的“活化石”水杉，并將其命名。
早期的植物學(xué)
植物學(xué)的歷史包括幾個(gè)早期文明的著作與植物分類。例如古代印度的宗教著作，古代瑣羅亞斯德教的著作，[1]及古代中國(guó)的著作.秦漢時(shí)期的《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》是中國(guó)最早的藥用植物志。[2]
古希臘亞里士多德的學(xué)生泰奧弗拉斯托斯（前371–前287）被視為植物學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。[3] 他發(fā)明并描述了許多現(xiàn)代植物學(xué)的原理。[4]他的兩個(gè)主要著作--《植物歷史》和《植物本原》是古代和中世紀(jì)的植物學(xué)的重要組成部分，其后的17個(gè)世紀(jì)一直占重要的地位。[5][4][6] 1世紀(jì)希臘醫(yī)生迪奧斯克里德斯（Dioscorides）的著作《植物志》（De Materia Medica），是一本共5卷的藥草百科全書(shū)，對(duì)其后的1500多年有廣泛的影響。[7]中世紀(jì)的伊斯蘭世界的著作包括Ibn Wahshiyya的Nabatean Agriculture, Abū ?anīfa Dīnawarī的 (828–896) Book of Plants,和Ibn Bassal的The Classification of Soils。13世紀(jì)早期，Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati和Ibn al-Baitar（d. 1248）也有植物學(xué)的著作[8][9][10]
早期的現(xiàn)代植物學(xué)
德國(guó)醫(yī)生Leonhart Fuchs（1501–1566）是三位德國(guó)植物學(xué)之父之一，其余兩位是Otto Brunfels（1489–1534）和Hieronymus Bock（1498–1554） 。[11][12]
Valerius Cordus(1515–1544)1546年所寫(xiě)的Dispensatorium是藥典中的經(jīng)典著作.[13] Conrad von Gesner（1516–1565）和Nicholas Culpeper（1616–1654）也寫(xiě)了藥用植物的著作. Ulisse Aldrovandi（1522–1605）被認(rèn)為是“自然歷史之父”，他的研究?jī)?nèi)容包括植物. 1665年, 羅伯特·胡克從樹(shù)皮切了一片軟木薄片，并放到自己發(fā)明的顯微鏡觀察到了細(xì)胞。[14]1690年英國(guó)的雷（J.Ray）首次給物種下定義，依據(jù)花和營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官的性狀進(jìn)行分類，并用一個(gè)分類系統(tǒng)處理了18000種植物。[5] 1935年，林奈出版了《自然系統(tǒng)》一書(shū)，在這本書(shū)中，林奈把自然界分成植物界、動(dòng)物界和礦物界，并將動(dòng)物和植物按綱、目、屬、種、變種5個(gè)等級(jí)歸類，特別是他在1953年發(fā)表的《植物種志》中對(duì)7300種植物正式使用了雙名法進(jìn)行命名。[15][16]
隨著植物解剖學(xué)和植物形態(tài)學(xué)及生命周期的知識(shí)的發(fā)展，人們意識(shí)到植物間的親緣不止是林奈所描述的那樣。 Adanson（1763）, 安托萬(wàn)·羅蘭·德朱西厄（1789）和奧古斯丁·彼拉姆斯·德堪多（1819）所提出的分類系統(tǒng)調(diào)整得到廣泛的接受。進(jìn)化論中的自然選擇概念的提出，使人們開(kāi)始了植物的進(jìn)化關(guān)系和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分類的研究。[17][18]
馬蒂亞斯·雅各布·施萊登1838年發(fā)表了《植物發(fā)生論》（Grundzuge der Wissenschaftlichen），書(shū)中指出細(xì)胞是植物的結(jié)構(gòu)單位，這本書(shū)對(duì)植物學(xué)有很大的影響。[19] 卡爾·路德維?！ろf爾登諾分析了種子散布與分布，植物種群，地質(zhì)歷史的影響之間的聯(lián)系，并開(kāi)創(chuàng)了植物地理學(xué). 1831年羅伯特·布朗發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞核.[20]
現(xiàn)代植物學(xué)
近30多年來(lái)，分子生物學(xué)和近代技術(shù)科學(xué)，以及數(shù)學(xué)、物理學(xué)、化學(xué)的新概念和新技術(shù)被引入到植物學(xué)領(lǐng)域，植物學(xué)科在微觀和宏觀的研究上均取得了突出成就，無(wú)論在研究的深度和廣度上都達(dá)到了一個(gè)新的水平。[21]當(dāng)今相當(dāng)多的新知識(shí)都是從研究模式植物而來(lái)的，如擬南芥。這種十字花科的雜草物種是最早的基因組測(cè)序植物之一。水稻基因組相對(duì)較小，同時(shí)國(guó)際水稻基因定序工程也把它定為重要的谷物/草/單子葉植物模型。[22] 另一個(gè)草物種Brachypodium distachyon也是一個(gè)有助理解遺傳學(xué)，細(xì)胞學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ汀?sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_California-Davis2012_22-0" class="reference">[23] 對(duì)其他重要的商業(yè)主糧如小麥, 玉米, 大麥, 黑麥，御谷和大豆都有基因組測(cè)序。其中部分植物對(duì)基因組測(cè)序是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗麄兊?a href="/w/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色體">染色體中有兩個(gè)以上的單倍體[24]。另外，一種綠色水藻Chlamydomonas reinhardtii作為模式生物，給細(xì)胞生物學(xué)提供了重要的知識(shí)。[25]
研究領(lǐng)域與重要性
以前所有生命都被分成動(dòng)物或植物，[27]而植物學(xué)就是專門研究那些動(dòng)物以外的生物。 現(xiàn)在植物的定義是通過(guò)光合作用從太陽(yáng)光中獲得能量的生物，或者是無(wú)葉綠素的寄生植物. 而以前植物學(xué)則包括細(xì)菌，真菌，地衣，非綠藻類水藻和病毒。不過(guò)植物學(xué)家仍很關(guān)注這些物種，而真菌和原生生物也包含在植物學(xué)課程內(nèi)。[28][29]
對(duì)植物的研究是很重要的，因?yàn)橹参锸巧锏幕窘M成部分，他們生產(chǎn)人類和其他生物賴以生存的氧氣和食物。此外，植物能防止土壤侵蝕而且對(duì)水文循環(huán)有極大影響 。[30] 古植物學(xué)是研究古植物化石記錄的分支學(xué)科。普遍認(rèn)為在地球的早期歷史中，光合作用植物產(chǎn)生的氧氣改變了古代地球的全球大氣環(huán)境.[31]
人體營(yíng)養(yǎng)
生命過(guò)程的基本原理
藥物和原料
環(huán)境改變
生態(tài)學(xué)
進(jìn)化
生理學(xué)
結(jié)構(gòu)
分類學(xué)
研究對(duì)象
植物解剖和形態(tài)
植物解剖學(xué)是研究植物細(xì)胞和組織的結(jié)構(gòu)，而植物的形態(tài)是其外部形式的研究。所有的植物是多細(xì)胞真核生物，其儲(chǔ)存在細(xì)胞核中的DNA。
注釋
- ↑ Iyer 2009, p. 117.
- ↑ 北京市園林學(xué)校 1990, p. 10.
- ↑ 中國(guó)數(shù)字植物標(biāo)本館 2006.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Greene 1909, pp. 140–142.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 周云龍 2004, p. 10.
- ↑ Bennett & Hammond 1902, p. 30.
- ↑ Mauseth 2003, p. 532.
- ↑ Dallal 2010, p. 197.
- ↑ Panaino 2002, p. 93.
- ↑ Levey 1973, p. 116.
- ↑ National Museum of Wales 2007.
- ↑ Yaniv & Bachrach 2005, p. 157.
- ↑ Sprague 1939.
- ↑ Waggoner 2001.
- ↑ 周云龍 2004, p. 11.
- ↑ Capon 2005, pp. 220–223.
- ↑ Ereshefsky 1997, pp. 493–519.
- ↑ Gray & Sargent 1889, pp. 292–293.
- ↑ Morton 1981, p. 377.
- ↑ Harris 2000, pp. 76–81.
- ↑ 周云龍 2004, p. 12.
- ↑ Devos & Gale 2000.
- ↑ University of California-Davis 2012.
- ↑ 這種情況稱作多倍體，在植物中很常見(jiàn)
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, p. 5370.
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, p. 5368.
- ↑ Chapman et al. 2001, p. 56.
- ↑ Capon 2005, pp. 10–11.
- ↑ Mauseth 2003, pp. 1–3.
- ↑ Gust 1996.
- ↑ Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2012.
參考文獻(xiàn)
- Bold, H. C. et al. 1987. Morphology of plants and fungi, 5th ed. NY: HarperCollins Publisher. 912 pp. ISBN 0-06-040839-1
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科普
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- 北京市園林學(xué)校. 植物學(xué). 北京: 北京科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社. 1990. ISBN 7-5304-0706-6.
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- Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava. Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers. 2008. ISBN 81-7910-252-1.
- Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A.. The characters of Theophrastus – Introduction. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.. 1902 [June 27, 2012].
- Butz, Stephen D.. Science of Earth Systems. 2. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. 2007. ISBN 1-4180-4122-X.
- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Only Six Kingdoms of Life (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 2004, 271: 1251–1262. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMID 15306349. PMC 1691724.
- Crawford, R. M. M.. Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology). Oxford: Blackwell Science. 1988. ISBN 0-632-01475-X.
- Chapman, Jasmin; Horsfall, Peter; O'Brien, Pat; Murphy, Jan; MacDonald, Averil. Science Web. Cheltenham, GB: Nelson Thornes. 2001. ISBN 0-17-438746-6.
- Chase, Mark W.; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, K?re; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter S.. An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 2003, 141: 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
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- Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.. Towards a Natural System of Organisms: Proposal for the Domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1990, 87 (12). doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMID 2112744. PMC 54159.
- 環(huán)境植物學(xué)
- Crawley, Michael J.. Plant Ecology. 2nd. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. 1997. ISBN 0-632-03639-7.
- Ennos, Roland; Sheffield, Elizabeth. Plant Life. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-86542-737-2.
- Everitt; Lonard; Little, C. R.. Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-89672-614-2.
- Richards, P. W.. The Tropical Rainforest. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-521-42194-2.
- Stace, Clive Anthony. A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-58935-5.
- 植物生理學(xué)
- Bowsher, Caroline G.; Steer, M. W.; Tobin, A. K.. Plant Biochemistry. 2nd. New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis. 2008. ISBN 0-8153-4121-0.
- Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Jones, Russell L.. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. 2000. ISBN 0-943088-39-9.
- Fitter, Alastair H.; Hay, Robert K. M.. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3rd. New York: Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press. 2001. ISBN 0-12-257766-3.
- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert. Plant Physiological Ecology. New York: Springer Science. 1998. ISBN 0-387-98326-0.
- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert. Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd. New York: Springer Science. 2008. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3. ISBN 978-0-387-78340-6.
- Lawlor, David W.. Photosynthesis. 3rd. New York: Garland Science. 2000. ISBN 1-85996-157-6.
- Salisbury; Ross, Cleon W.. Plant Physiology. 4th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. 1992. ISBN 0-534-15162-0.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. 1991. ISBN 0-8053-0245-X.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. 3rd. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2002. ISBN 0-87893-823-0.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. 4th. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2006. ISBN 0-87893-856-7.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardor. Plant Physiology. 5th. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2010. ISBN 0-87893-866-4.
外部鏈接
- 開(kāi)放式目錄計(jì)劃中的Botany相關(guān)內(nèi)容
- Botany databases at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
- High quality pictures of plants and information about them from Catholic University of Leuven
- Native Plant Information Network
- USDA plant database
- The Virtual Library of Botany
- 中國(guó)數(shù)字植物標(biāo)本館
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